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The paper considers the European experience of the citizenship education developmentan important aspect of internal policy in the most countries. The education in question is considered to be the democratic citizenship training aimed at developing the loyal attitude to different value priorities in society, social responsibility, active citizenship position, awareness of democratic rights, capability of using and protecting them.The author looks at the transformation of citizenship education concept in the last three decades from the civics education (i.e. history, political science, law, etc.) to the democratic citizen education. The paper analyzes differ- ent approaches to citizenship education in several European countries including the post-soviet ones. It is emphasized that both in western and eastern Europe a lot of effort is made for spreading and supporting the education in question. The author recommends considering the foreign experience of integrating the democratic citizenship education into the state academic curricula at the primary, secondary and higher school levels. ; В статье рассматривается европейский опыт развития гражданского образования – важной составляющей внутренней политики большинства государств. Данное образование понимается как воспитание демократической гражданственности: формирование у населения лояльного отношения к разнообразию ценностных приоритетов в обществе, социальной ответственности и активной гражданской позиции, знания своих демократических прав, умения реализовывать и защищать их. Продемонстрированы изменения, которые претерпела концепция воспитания гражданственности за последние три десятилетия. Если ранее она представляла собой обществоведческое образование (Civics education), т. е. обретение сведений в сфере истории, политологии, права и т. п., то в настоящее время в центре ее находится прежде всего формирование гражданских качеств (Citizenship education). С использованием методов сравнительного и структурно-функционального анализа показаны различные подходы к воспитанию демократической гражданственности в ряде государств, в том числе некоторых пост- советских. Констатируется, что в странах как Западной, так и Восточной Европы для распространения иподдержки гражданского образования, с которым связывается дальнейшее устойчивое демократическое развитие, прилагается много усилий. Изучение зарубежного опыта по включению ипрочному закреплению гражданского образования вгосударственных программах начальной, средней и высшей школы весьма полезно как для исследователей системы образования, так и для практиков (преподавателей вузов, учителей, руководителей и специалистов муниципальных и региональных органов управления), тем более что данные программы постоянно модернизируются с учетом вызовов современности.

The paper describes the further development of an agent-based multiregional input-output model of the Russian economy. We consider the idea of incorporating the government into the model and analyse the results of experimental calculations for the conditional example of spatial economy. New agents are included into the model such as the federal and regional governments, pension fund and also the state enterprises producing public goods at the federal and regional levels. The government sets four types of taxes (personal and business income taxes, VAT and payroll taxes), ensures the provision of public goods and provides social, investment and interbudgetary transfers to households, firms and budgets. Social transfers consist of social assistance and unemployment benefits. The utility functions of households are expanded by the terms associated with national and regional public goods. The budget policy is designed in accordance with the maximization of isoelastic function of social welfare that formalizes the choice between the different concepts of social justice. The Gini index is used for the monitoring the inequality of income distribution. The results of experimental calculations present the convergence of the new version of the model to the state of quasi-equilibrium. The special attention is paid an optimal level of the taxation maximizing the social welfare function. Four variants of the optimal tax rates are defined: for three major taxes at a fixed proportion of rates and for each of the tax separately at zero rates of two other taxes. The further directions of modelling are identified, they allow to investigate the spatial development of the Russian economy taking into account the decision-making by private agents in responding to government policies. ; Проанализировано развитие агент-ориентированной многорегиональной модели "затраты - выпуск" российской экономики. Представлены результаты экспериментальных расчетов по изучению сходимости модели к состоянию квазиравновесия. Особое внимание уделено поиску оптимального уровня налогообложения, при котором максимизируется функция общественного благосостояния. Определены оптимальные налоговые ставки. ; The article is prepared within the Program of the Russian Academy of Sciences IX.84.2., Project IX.84.2.1. The authors thank for Ibragimov N.M. and Gusak M.A., who took part in the preparation of initial information, the discussion of the model and the code writing of a code.

The resilience of a political, economic or trade alliances of countries or regions depends significantly on to what extent parties of a union consider their membership as beneficial. Dependent on predominant assessments, there may occur a complete disintegration of multi-regional systems, an expansion or contraction in the composition of participants, and maintenance of the status quo. The intensity of interregional exchange is used as an indicator to measure the degree of the regional integration of economic system. The paper represents the capabilities of the coalition analysis method for estimating the degree of interdependence in the multi-regional economy of the Russian Federation. The authors present an analytical review of the structural and statistical models used for estimating the effects of interregional integration as well as substantiate the choice of the approach. The basis of the coalition analysis is the input-output method and the theory of cooperative games. Moreover, the spatial input-output model of the Russian economy is developed on the methodology of national accounts statistics in terms of federal districts. We use a semi-dynamic version of the optimization multi-regional input-output model (OMIOM) on the statistical database of 2013 for developing the forecast up to 2030. On this basis, a coalition analysis of interregional interaction effects is carried out. The calculations revealed a high degree of regional integration as well as of involvement of the national economy into the world one. Depending on the structure of production and consumption of the federal districts' economies, there are varying capacities to adapt to hypothetical changes in the volume of interregional links. The North-Western, Urals, Siberian and Far Eastern federal districts better adapt to the break of interregional links in comparison to the rest of the regions. The Central, North-Caucasian, Southern and Volga districts benefit more of their integration into the multiregional system and of the access to international markets. Prospects for using coalition analysis are associated with the introduction of an equilibrium condition, which will allow us to assess the degree of equivalence of interregional exchange. © 2018 Institute of Economics Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. ; Представлен аналитический обзор структурных и статистических моделей, применяемых для оценки эффектов межрегиональной интеграции. Предложен коалиционный анализ эффектов межрегиональных взаимодействий.